Story about a Baseball Game Essay - 1065 Words

It had been an unbelievable season so far, we were going into the championship game of junior league with only two losses. Of course, the only other team with a better record than us was the black team. We gave them their only loss on the second game of the regular season. Now, after defeating the better of the Mosinee teams in the semi finals, my dad, who was also the coach of our blue team, had stopped to watch the rest of the game between black and red. As we pulled into the parking lot, Andy Dunst ran up to our truck and said, â€Å"Black is losing in the sixth!† â€Å"Really?† I asked. â€Å"Yah, they’re down 9-6.† As we watched the rest of the game, black just couldn’t seem to get anything going, and the players on our team that were there†¦show more content†¦I was getting very nervous, because all three of us were hitless today. Okay, we need base runners, and we need them now. Don’t try to do too much, just get a hit. I thought. The first pitch was a fastball right down the middle of the plate, a perfect pitch to hit. My eyes got big, and my mind said swing, but before I could react, the ball was past me. â€Å"Steeerike!† the umpire hollered. As I stepped out and looked down the third base line, my heart was beating faster and faster, and I could hardly think straight. I stepped back into the box, and took my stance, I was a stiff as a board, and watched another pitch go bye. â€Å"Ball,† said the umpire in a monotonous voice. I took a sigh of relief and I backed out, looked at the signs and stepped back in. the pitch came in at my body, but it broke into the strike zone at the last second. The curveball froze me to move the count to one ball and two strikes. â€Å"Okay, time to protect up there, you’re swinging at anything close,† my dad yelled from the coaches box at third base. I could hear the players out in the field for red and the players on the bench yelling, encouraging the pitcher. The blue team dugout was very quiet. The pitcher started his delivery and the pitch came in. I took a hack, and just got a piece of it. I’m still alive, I thought. The next pitch came in, again I took a swing, and it was a good one. I watched the ball fly over theShow MoreRelatedBaseball is the National Pastime1051 Words   |  5 Pagesthere is nothing like opening day and a baseball field. In recent years I have over heard several people say Baseball is not the National Pastime or National Game any longer. When I query these people the typical response is Football is our new National pastime/game. Frank Deford (Nov 7, 2012) a writer for Sports Illustrated said, Baseball is what we used to be. Football is what we have become. I refuse to believe this based on my knowledge of both games. 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Marketing Research And Marketing Plan Project Term Paper

Essays on Yobel TI Design Company Marketing Plan Term Paper The paper "Yobel TI Design Company Marketing Plan" is a brilliant example of a case study on marketing. This marketing gives an overview of the launch of the new product thus home-crafted unique clay jewelry in the Jewelry market by Yobel TI design Company which currently is located in Australia. Yobel TI Design is one of the recently launched homes owned Jewelry manufacturing company in Australia venturing in the manufacture of unique art crafted clay jewelry. Yobel Ti Design Company develops and manufactures jewelry products including earrings, pins, pendants, necklaces, and bracelets from polymer clay, sculpture clay and flour clay which is a rare material all over the world. Yobel TI Design Company is a designer company that manufactures new Jewelry products Jewelry from other materials rather than the most used precious metals such as gold, diamond, silver, platinum, titanium, Vanadium among others. The company’s new idea to launch its new Jewelry products in the United A rab Emirates in particular Dubai shopping city center comes as a result of the increased demand for jewelry products and the tremendous growth of the Jewelry market in Dubai. Additionally, the growing population, ever-increasing tourist inflow and the current economic growth in Dubai is a major incentive for Yobel TI Design Company to launch its new Jewelry products in UAE. With these facts, Yobel TI Design Company intends to launch its new products in Dubai primarily to create some form of uniqueness as far as the Jewelry market is concerned. The unique art crafted Jewelry products will create a difference in the so perceived most gold and diamond Jewelry products since the pieces of Jewelry themselves are a pure representation of traditional artwork and they are very special as well as unique.This marketing plan, therefore, gives an overview of the entire marketing process that Yobel TI Design Company will use when launching the new unique art crafted Jewelry products in UAE with my assistance as the national marketing manager representative in UAE. The marketing plan gives an in-depth overview of the marketing strategies intended to be used, pricing strategies, promotional strategies, intended product location, and marketing objectives. This marketing plan is perceived to be a tool through which Yobel TI Design Company will use to achieve the Company’s own target as well as its marketing objectives as far as the launch of new products is concerned. Yobel TI Design intends to use this marketing plan primarily to raise visibility and awareness of the company’s Jewelry products. Yobel TI Design Company has gathered sufficient information regarding the market as well as the attributes of its target customers. This information will be used by the company to determine who the perceived customer’s, their specific needs are and how Yobel Ti Design Company can best communicate with them.

Medical Marijuana Free Essays

string(105) " of the two ailments that marijuana was being used for at that time, nausea, is a direct symptom of TBI\." Dustin Flynn Assn# 5 Example/Comparison/Argumentative Inductive TREAT THE SYMPTOMS, NOT THE INJURY For centuries marijuana has been used by the top doctors of their time. And until recently, the past thirty years, the actual physical effects were unknown. Over the past three decades Science and Medicine have been researching what useful and healing effects this herb has, if any. We will write a custom essay sample on Medical Marijuana or any similar topic only for you Order Now Through my research I have found what I had only thought to be true. Marijuana does have great medicinal use. It is currently being used for an array of illnesses and injuries. But its most effective uses are focused in treating the onsets of AIDS and the symptoms from chemotherapy in the treatment of cancer. Those onsets and symptoms are anxiety, declining appetite, nausea, and general pain. These ailments bare a strong resemblance of the symptoms of Traumatic Brain Injury, or TBI. It is because of these resemblances that I have come to the conclusion that marijuana could be the best treatment for the symptoms associated with TBI. In this article I am going to explain the historical uses of marijuana, the symptoms of TBI, the current treatments for TBI, how marijuana works, and the valued effects that marijuana can provide for persons diagnosed with TBI. As I said before, marijuana has been used for centuries for medicinal use. The first uses are dated back before 4000 BCE, (Before Common Era), as a food source because of its protein and omega 3 content. â€Å"The first recorded medicinal use was in 2737 BCE. Emperor Shen-Nung of China suggested it be used for the treatment of constipation, menstruation cramps, rheumatism, malaria, gout, and absentmindedness. †(Sanna, 18) Now if we look at some of these ailments and diseases and take some of the symptoms that are associated with them. We can see that they are similar to symptoms associated with TBI. Take rheumatism for example, most people associate rheumatism with rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis. But in its most simple diagnosis it is described as general pain and weakness, which is a common symptom with a major diagnosis of TBI. Patients with a major diagnosis can be in, sometimes, constant pain, because the receptors in the brain that regulate pain are damaged due to their TBI. So centuries before things were the way they are now, there was a suitable prescription for one major symptom associated with TBI. Now lets look at absentmindedness, we cannot be sure what the exact definition of this could have been in 2737 BCE. But what we can take from this is that even back then it was acknowledged that marijuana was a suitable prescription for issues concerning the brain. The Emperor was able to see a beneficial change in mood, memory, or thought process. Something made a significant change for him to recommend marijuana. Marijuana became very popular medically in China and eventually made its way to Europe. Around 500 BCE marijuana reached Europe, and with its long reputation as a medicating plant, the Europeans immediately put it into personal testing. â€Å"Doctors of that time separated marijuana into two groups, weedy, and cultivated. †(Sanna 18) The weedy marijuana was best used for curing hard tumors. And the cultivated marijuana was best used for soothing and curing coughs. Now that might seem like a big difference in the severity of symptoms, but the Doctors of that time tested marijuana with almost every ailment and disease that was brought to their attention. Again as before, if we look at one of these symptoms and compare it with symptoms of TBI we can see the benefits. As a patient with any severity of TBI there is a higher risk of developing cancerous and malignant tumors in the brain. â€Å"Doctors and Scientists are unsure of why this is associated with TBI†(Chew 851-878), but their research shows that the risks are there. Marijuana has certain properties called â€Å"Cannabinoids† (Richmond) that actually convince tumors anywhere in the body to commit suicide. The reason this is so beneficial for patients with TBI, patients who are at higher risk of developing tumors in the brain, is because the â€Å"Cannabinoids† in marijuana link up with our bodies own â€Å"Endocannabinoid System†, (Richmond) a system which naturally produces cannabis in our bodies, and fight tumors in the brain. â€Å"Tumors in the brain are the hardest forms of tumors in the body to cure, because they are so hard to treat. (Chew 851-878) It is extremely dangerous for Doctors to operate on the the brain, and normal chemotherapy will usually kill the patient before it kills the tumor due to what is called the â€Å"blood/brain barrier†. (Chew 851-878) â€Å"The blood/brain barrier† is a filter of sorts, the brain has to have whole blood and oxygen to operate properly. The â€Å"blood/brain barr ier† filters out toxins such as the ones used in chemotherapy, and is very selective in what it lets in the brain. The â€Å"Cannabinoids† found in marijuana are able to pass through that â€Å"blood/brain barrier† freely which allows it to do its job and destroy tumors, naturally. Let us skip ahead to around the ninth century. Marijuana has gained popularity as a medicine everywhere east of the Atlantic. And in â€Å"India it was claimed to cure dandruff, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, leprosy, insomnia, and tuberculosis. † (Sanna 18) As far as these ailments and diseases go, insomnia is the one symptom that is shared with patients of TBI. Many patients with any severity of TBI experience insomnia, or other sleeping disorders. Research today supports the Indians theories that marijuana can and does treat insomnia. Now to bring it home, in the United States from 1850 to 1942 marijuana was actually listed in the U. S. Pharmacopeia, which is the list of government approved and recommended drugs for use in treatment of patients. At that time marijuana was stilled called cannabis and was being used in the treatment of labor pains and nausea. But in 1942 the United States Government declared cannabis, (marijuana), a level one narcotic and was made illegal to prescribe, posses, or cultivate. Out of the two ailments that marijuana was being used for at that time, nausea, is a direct symptom of TBI. You read "Medical Marijuana" in category "Papers" Patients with any severity of TBI can have chronic nausea brought on by a injured equilibrium. This injury can have the affects of severe motion sickness even when a patient is standing or sitting still. Finally in 2003, â€Å"Canada became the first country in the world to offer medical marijuana to patients† (Sanna 18), initially if was for the treatments of symptoms associated with cancer and AIDS. Since 2003 some states in the United States have followed that example, California being the first, but since medical marijuana is still Federally illegal patients, Doctors, and pharmacies can be arrested, closed, and have their licenses removed. Which makes the freedom of prescribing and receiving medication difficult. â€Å"More than 5. 3 million people, or approximately two percent of the U. S. Population, are living with disabilities resulting from Traumatic Brain Injury. † (Chew 851-878) Here is a list of some of the difficult symptoms, both mentally and physically, that these patients could be facing on a daily basis. Mentally; Attention Deficit Disorder, memory loss, depression, easily agitated, irritability, unprovoked acts of aggression and violence, mania, psychoses, and mood swings. These are just the main mental struggles these patients possibly face suffering from TBI. Physically; Random loss of consciousness, disorientation, headaches, general pain, loss of balance, nausea and vomiting, blurred vision, ringing in the ears, bad taste in the mouth, sensitivity to light and sound, sleeping disorders, seizures, and loss of bladder and bowel control. With all of these symptoms these patients could be facing it is hard to think of the cocktail of medicine that these patients could be forced to take on a daily basis. Currently pharmaceutical companies try only to treat one symptom at a time, it makes for a bigger business and more profits, which leaves the patient, especially in this case, on the long road to recovery. Currently there are over thirty one different drugs being used just to treat the mental symptoms associated with TBI, with no one drug being able to treat multiple symptoms. So that means in most cases these patients are using at least two drugs on a trial basis at any given time, and if there is no change in symptoms they are simply switched to another medication until they achieve satisfactory effects. Just imagine the strain these patients are putting on their livers just to ease the symptoms of a Traumatic Brain Injury. And this is how it is for every patient, Doctors are still unable to come up with what works best for certain symptoms. With that uncertainty, patients become human test subjects, and each Doctor becomes a researcher. And in some cases of mild TBI, the medication that is prescribed has side effects that out weigh the patients initial symptoms. Why would anyone want to take medicine to stop vomiting if the outcome was constipation; and if someone has loss of balance, the medicine prescribed could make them extremely drowsy and have them sleep all day. The world of pharmaceuticals is expensive, representatives from these companies turn Doctors in to salesmen and spokesman. And the outcome is high cost prescriptions that cost the patient and the insurance companies millions of dollars every year, not to mention the huge amount of money that these companies receive from the government every year to research and produce new â€Å"miracle† drugs. Marijuana is made up of over 421 natural chemicals, of which over sixty are Cannabinoids†. (Richmond) Now as I mentioned earlier, we all have what is called a â€Å"Endocannabinoid System†, which regulates the â€Å"Cannabinoids† that are body naturally produces, that is right our bodies produce cannabis. The natural â€Å"Cannabinoids† in our body are used almost like our immune system. When there is something wrong in our bodies an alarm goes off, like when we get a cold, and our immune system rushes in and attacks that bad thing trying to kill it. Our â€Å"Endocannabinoid System† works almost the same way but it is able to fight many bad things at once, while also protecting our good cells, regulating proper brain function, and leveling our anxiety. Our â€Å"Endocannabinoids System† is very advanced, it is mostly gathered in the brain, but it spans through the liver, the bones and the nervous system. There are four main â€Å"Cannabinoids† that Doctors and Scientists have been able to focus on because of there over all medicinal uses. The first and most recognizable is Delta 9-Tetraydrocannabinol or THC. THC is a psychoactive component that mimics and enhances the bodies own Endocannabinoids System† (Richmond); which widely effects mood, appetite, sleep, and good cell protection. So for patients who have been diagnosed with TBI that have appetite loss, sleeping disorders, and mood swings, this component of marijuana can greatly help. The second main â€Å"Cannabinoid† is Cannabidol or CBD. à ¢â‚¬Å"CBD is a non-psychoactive component that enhances the sedative effect† (Richmond), which is good for patients diagnosed with TBI specifically dealing with insomnia. It also is an excellent anti-inflammatory, and bone growth stimulant. It has anti-diabetic and anti-bacterial capabilities, it also has anti-proliferative anti-cancerous capabilities, which means it helps to kill malignant tumors. It is a anti-spasmodic, which fights against muscle spasms and seizures. It is a neuroprotectant that helps regulate pain due to nerve damage, and it is a anti-psychotic, which helps in the fight against schizophrenia, these last three symptoms are directly associated with TBI. The third main â€Å"Cannabinoid† is Tetrahydrocannabivarin or THCV. THCV is a non-psychoactive component† (Richmond) that helps the other main â€Å"Cannabinoids† to be delivered faster, and to the correct spots where the â€Å"Endocannabinoid System† is possibly running low on ammunition. This component could extremely help patients diagnosed with TBI to get the correct â€Å"Cannabinoids† where they are needed quicker. But its downfall can be that if there is to much THCV in the certain strain of marijuana, that the effects of the other â€Å"Cannabinoids† will be short lived. It is also a very effective protective/preventive against type two diabetes. The last main â€Å"Cannabinoid† is Cannabichromene or CBC. â€Å"CBC is a psychoactive component that is a lower strength Cannabinoid† (Richmond) which is a excellent anti-depressant, anti-inflammatory, bone growth stimulant, that strongly prohibits tumor growth in Leukemia and breast cancer. There are few solid arguments against the evidence that has been shown in today’s scientific research. The most popular argument about using marijuana medicinally is that when smoked we are actually introducing tar and other cancer causing agents into our body. But research shows that there is absolutely, one hundred percent, no evidence to support the theory of that. In fact it is quite the opposite. Also to help against that argument, there are now ways of ingesting marijuana without smoking it, it can be made into a butter and cooked into everyday foods. It can be made into a spray form that is applied directly under the tongue, and it also comes in a very low dosage pill form which is currently used only for nausea and vomiting associated with cancer and AIDS treatments. Another argument is that there is no way to regulate the dosage on marijuana because there is such a difference between strains of the marijuana plant, someone could overdose. Scientist have proven that if someone was to overdose on marijuana that the initial reaction the body will put off is to just go to sleep, that is it. The patient would just sleep it off as if it were a hangover, minus the headache in the morning. Also the longest possible side effects will last with marijuana is only a few hours, even if there is a overdose situation. In the thousands of recorded years of marijuana use, for recreation or medically, there has not been one recorded death, no one has died just from using marijuana. In fact scientists have come up with what it would take for a person to actually die from smoking marijuana. â€Å"A person would have to smoke 1500 pounds of marijuana in about fifteen minuets, and they would probably die of asphyxiation. † (Richmond) The only other argument that has any solid ground is that, at least in the United States, marijuana is still federally illegal to posses, cultivate, and distribute. And to that argument, the only thing I can say is that it will take the states themselves to stand up and take care of their own people, and provide them with the medicines they need, then eventually the federal government will have to fall in line. In seeing this evidence of marijuana and its scientifically proven medicinal uses, most people can not believe it is true. People cannot believe that there is one drug that is able to treat so many things at once. The truth is that for thousands of years our body has produced this drug on its own, and with the growth of humans not only intellectually but physically, and industrially. We have created a world that has taken our â€Å"Endocannabinoid System† and made it in some cases useless. We are introduced to so many toxins in our food, in our air, and even in our medications that we have not been able to upgrade our â€Å"Endocannabinoid System†, like we have with our immune system ,with the introduction of vaccines and certain pollutants. Thousands of years ago, before we created most of the toxins of today’s world, our â€Å"Endocannabinoid System† was perfectly able to combat along with our immune system against most of the ailments and everyday aches and pains. We have not steadily increased our intake of â€Å"Cannabinoids† like we have with other things. We are still operating at a level suitable for life thousands of years ago. With the introduction of marijuana into our bodies we will not only be able to fight against these tough symptoms associated with TBI, but we could possibly be able to prevent and possibly cure diseases like cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, and many other everyday symptoms that we are all faced with in our life. Thesis Statement: marijuana could be the best treatment for the symptoms associated with Traumatic Brain Injury. OUTLINE I-TREAT THE SYMPTOMS; NOT THE INJURY A-Historical uses of marijuana B-Symptoms of TBI C-Current treatments of TBI D-How marijuana works E-The valued affects that marijuana can provide for persons diagnosed with TBI II-Historical uses of Marijuana A-Before 4000 BCE a-used as a food source B-First recorded medical use in 2737 BCE a-Emperor Shen-Nung of China makes suggested uses C-Marijuana in Europe around 500 BCE D-Marijuana in India around the Ninth Century E-U. S. Between 1850 and 1942 a-Marijuana is listed in U. S. Pharmacopeia F-2003, Canada become first country to legalize Marijuana for Medical use III-Symptoms of TBI A-Mental Symptoms B-Physical Symptoms IV-How Marijuana Works A-A brief description of the Endocannabinoid System B-The affects of marijuana on the Endocannabinoid System C-Four main Cannabinoids found in marijuana V-The valued affects that marijuana can provide for persons diagnosed with TBI A-The four main Cannabinoids and there healing powers VI-Arguments against the use of medical marijuana A-Marijuana smoke is bad for you B-No way to regulate dosage, possible overdose C-In the U. S. It is still federally illegal to posses, cultivate, and distribute VII-Marijuana and its overall affect on our body A-Marijuana is a great natural substance that cannot only heal us but prevent us from acquiring new ailments B-Marijuana is the best treatment for the symptoms associated with TBI REFERENCES Fogarty, A; Rowstone, P; Prestag, G; Crawford, J; Grierson, J; Kippax, S. â€Å"Marijuana as a Therapy for People Living with HIV/AIDS: Social and Health Aspects. AIDS Care February/19(2) 2007: 295-301 WEB August 15, 2011 www. cinahl. com/cgi-bin/refsvc? jid=914accno=2009490500 Cotter, J. â€Å"Efficiency of Crude Marijuana and Synthetic Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol as Treatment for Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: A Systematic Literature Review† Oncology Nursing Forum May/36(3) 2009: 345-352 WEB August 15, 20011 www. cinahl. com/cgi-bin/refsvc? jid=293accno=2010421156 Chew, E; Zafonte, R. â€Å"Pharmaco logical Management of Neurobehavioral Disorders following Traumatic Brain Injury-A State-of-the-Art Review†¦ Research to Improve the Lives of Veterans: Approaches to Traumatic Brain Injury; Screening, Treatment, Management, and Rehabilitation in Arlington, Virginia, April 30 to May 2, 2008. † Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development June/46(6) 2009: 851-878 WEB August 15, 2011 www. cinahl. com/cgi-bin/refsvc? jid=1009accno=2010544758 Sanna, E. J. Mind Altering Weed Broomall: Mason Crest, 2008 Print What if Cannabis could Cure Cancer. Dir. Lee Richmond. Lee Richmond Films LLC 2010 Film How to cite Medical Marijuana, Papers Medical Marijuana Free Essays Marijuana is the most commonly used drug in the United States. However, it has singular distinction of being both a commonly used illegal substance and also a legally prescribed medical substance. Marijuana will always be used for private reasons or for medical purposes. We will write a custom essay sample on Medical Marijuana or any similar topic only for you Order Now Isn’t it a good thing that children not even four years of age are offered medical marijuana to cure diseases such as epilepsy? Seth Ammerman and Courtney Williams are writers for New’s Digital weekly. These articles were published in December of 2012. Courtney and Seth state their point of view about medical marijuana. Should medical marijuana be prescribed to children? People who are against medical marijuana say that there is not enough scientific research to support prescribing cannabis. Medical Marijuana is only legalized in some states because everyone has their own right to state their own opinion. Not every state agrees. In every cannabis plant there are cannabinoids, which are the THC and CBD chemicals. THC is the chemical that drug cartels use illegally. Cannabidol is the chemical that is put into medical marijuana. Most dispensaries do not get tested for there cannabinoid content. The chemical is usually unknown. One of the major issues to prescribing a child medical marijuana is the cause of addiction. Marijuana can alter the brain into wanting the drug all the time. The younger a child starts to use cannabis, the child may never want to stop. (Ammerman 2) Of course there are side effects that may give you a negative feeling about using medical marijuana, such as anxiety, paranoia, and depression. While some people say what if. There are others who take a risk and take a chance. Parents who have chosen cannabis to treat their child have raised their eyebrows. A two year old had to go through 39 hours of surgery, while under anesthesia for 42 days. The doctor sent the child home on hospice and morphine. The child’s pediatrician suggested cannabis. The two year old is now alive and free of cancer. (Williams 2) Marijuana contains of Vitamin C and Vitamin D. Vitamin F is also found in medical marijuana that contains a cannabinoid acid, which allows the cells in your brain to treat the disorder. (Williams 2) In my own opinion, I’m for medical cannabis. Children can always stop themselves from becoming addicted if they use the drug correctly and they do not abuse it. There are millions of people today using cannabis as medicine. While children are throwing a million and one pills down their throat and nothing is working. You can never doubt medical marijuana. Medical marijuana will be able to cure anything. Should medical marijuana be prescribed to children? Yes, it should. Medical marijuana is a touchy subject. There may not be enough scientific evidence, but who needs evidence when there is proof. All you have to do is take one look at a child who is free of cancer from using medical marijuana. That child is the proof. How to cite Medical Marijuana, Papers

Psychokinesis Essay Example For Students

Psychokinesis Essay Psychokinesis (PK)Since the beginning of time occurrences of psychokinesis has been recorded. The term itself is taken from the two Greek words psyche (breath, life, or soul) and kinein(to move.) Psychokinesis is a technique of mind over matter such as moving objects, bending metal objects, or knowing the outcome of future events, all with ones mind. Such occurrences of PK have been found in the Bible and have also been recorded from people throughout the ages. One such incident is of D.D. Holmes, who lived during the 19th century, who was known to levitate. Another is Nina Kulagina, who could alter the course of objects in motion, leave impressions on photograph, and she was even seen affecting the heart of a frog. She changed the heart rate and also stopped the heart and started it again. There are also pictures of her levitating objects. Researchers have not proven some of these occurrences to be fraud and also have not found a direct cause of PK. Many researchers believe that psychokinesis falls in the category of quantum physics. Dennis Over bye believes that psychokinesis belongs in this category because, the world has less to do with reality than with our perception of that reality. It has been determined that psychokinesis occurs within necessary conditions and with patterns, but these patterns have not applied to all cir cumstances. J. B. Rhine, an American parapsychologist at Duke University conducted an experiment with a gambler who claimed that he could predict the outcome of the fall of the dice. His results concluded that PK doesnt seem to connect with any physical process of the brain, or to be subject to any of the mechanical laws of physics. To J. P. Rhine, pyschokinesis was a nonphysical force of the mind that cannot be explained by any laws of physics. Rhines experiments and research lead to other studies. One physicist, Helmut Schmidt found PK in animals as well as humans. Other types of psychokinesis have been researched and have been thought of with skepticism. One such activity is of poltergeists, such as flying objects, breaking of dishes, and unexplained sounds. These activities are normally associated with children or young adults. Although the evidence of truth to psychokinesis is insignificant at this point in time, it is believed that one day psychokinesis with be proven to be a reality. When you focus your mind on a physical device, some aspect of yourself becomes identical with some piece of matter, states Albert Einstein, implying the partial reality of psychokinesis. Works CitedPsychokinesis http://theskepticistdictionary.htmlPsychokinesis: Studies ; History. http://www.parascope.com/articles/0397/pk04.htm. What is Pyschokinesis? http://www.themystica.com/mystica/articles/psycokinesis.html

Hiring Outsiders free essay sample

This is why companies look to hire people from the outside. They do this because they are looking with people who will bring unique skills to the company. Also, it can give the company new ideas and new energy for the work place. The article states that â€Å"the thought processes are common among workers and bosses, and  a new study  shows how they play out. The study, by  Matthew Bidwell, an assistant management professor at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, found that external hires, on average, make around 18 percent more money than internal employees with similar positions. I found this statement to be a very interesting point when it comes to the debate on whether or not to hire or not from the outside. It definitely shows that the numbers are better for profit, so that is definitely a big positive when it comes down to the question for managers who ask should they hire externally? However, later on in the article it states that in that same study, th ey perform less well in the first two years and are also more likely to leave or be let go. We will write a custom essay sample on Hiring Outsiders or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is why companies don’t hire from the outside, because it takes to long for the employees to get use to the company they were hired at, rather then the one they were doing well at previously, this is one con of hiring from the outside. There are many other disadvantages about hiring from the outside as well. One of these factors would be it increases the chances of the work place morality to drop. What I mean by this is that if the people in the work place of the current company they are at hire other people for positions they are qualified for, this would possibly tick people within the company ff, and maybe even question those people if they should stay with the company or not. I remember you gave an example in class about how you were brought in for a company and one employee even confronted you and said how you took his job. This can definitely make the work place very uncomfortable for employees at the job. Just because a person did good at their current job does not mean they will automatically do good for the new company that hires them. The new employee will have to adapt to the new culture of the company and this can be very hard for new employees. Also, giving employees a chance to be promoted if they work hard is a benefit of hiring from the inside. This incentive definitely gives people something to work hard for and try to earn. I know for me, I don’t want to switch jobs a lot and if I were working at a place I would love the opportunity to keep moving up in the company if I was working hard. The article talks about how people within the company know the â€Å"do’s and don’ts of the company. † New people that companies bring in are unaware of what to do in certain situations and probably don’t have a very good idea of what the company is about compared to people that work within company. I definitely understand about what companies are trying to do from the outside, but some companies are blind to the fact that it will take a while for the new employees to gel in with everyone and the work place of the company. Overall, of course there is many benefits that include hiring from the outside, which include fresh skills and ideas. But the article states that Professor Groysberg says employers need to be much more strategic about hiring so that the organization has the right mix of old and new. This is a very important statement due to the fact that a company must decide is it really important that they absolutely need someone from the outside rather than someone who is already working there already? For employees that put in their two weeks because they are unhappy with the company hiring from the outside, the article has a very good solution for this. In the last meeting, it is important to ask what can we do to keep you here. Most of the time, people will say a raise. A good answer to this question would be we understand you want that but we don’t know if that’s possible, what else can we offer to you that is important to you? Answers like these will definitely help people from quitting to staying at the company.

Gates of Fire Essays

Gates of Fire Essays Gates of Fire Essay Gates of Fire Essay That detail in this book is what makes it great. After reading this book I believe that the Sparta has breaded the toughest soldiers in history, not Just physically but most of all mentally with their mastering of fear. Steven Pricelesss fictional idea of philological is a big part in the book. Philological is the science of Fear. Though this concept was made up by Predefines he strongly believes that there was some type of science on fear in Sparta. Spartan soldiers learn to master philological, when they enter the gauge. Gauge Is a real term that served many roles, gauge Is a training, an initiation, a test of will, courage and strength that al Spartan have to go Into at a very young age. In this, Spartan encouraged obedience and conformity In the gauge. A Spartan city state comes before any mans own personal Interest. A Spartan polls also played a large part In this book adding to the reason why Sparta has developed the greatest soldiers. The story is told by Exe a captive of Xeroxes; and squire to Dinkies. Exe is not a born Spartan but fixes himself to be one. Dinkies is a war veteran and very reliable source in the book. : Exe is found with deadly wounds in battle and captured to tell Xeroxes, king of the Persians about Spartan life. Xeroxes saw first hand 300 Spartan fight to their deaths and was very interest in what drives them to do so. You get your first taste of the actual Spartan gauge when Exe reminisces on a memory of Sparta when boys where punished in the gauge camps by being whipped with sticks. A good time for a whipping would be getting caught for steeling. The key word In this Is caught, a Spartan boy going through gauge was expected to steal there were hardly fed and the only way to survive was to steel. Getting caught was unacceptable. Whippings where given by two drill instructors who just recently got out of gauge, they administered the beatings. The beatings worked like this the boys whose turn it was grasped a horizontal iron bar secured to the bases of two trees(the bar had been worn smooth by decades, some said centuries, of the ritual) (Predefines 38). There was a boy by the name of Trained, also know as Tripod because no one could take him down in his age group in wrestling. Tripod was whipped to his death. Most young Spartan held on until they were knocked on conscious or could no longer take the whippings. The book says Tripod kept taking and taking it. The flesh of his back had been torn through In a dozen places; you could see tissue and fascia, rib cage, ND muscle and even the spine. He would not go down. (Predefines 38). Tripods comrades and even the drill Instructor quietly urged the boy to fall. Tripod had made up his mind to die. The drill Instructors whipped Tripod rapidly and very hard to knock him down and preserve his life. Unfortunately, Tripod died. There was no time to morn, later on Tanat rater noon ten rural AT Dealings continued way. The strongest, the toughest of all soldiers. I Nils Is ten Spartan Every young Spartan going through gauge has a mentor. A mentor may say things that a father cannot; a boy can confess to his mentor that which would bring shame o reveal to his father. (Progressed 40). Dinkies is the mentor of Alexandria. Alexandria is not as physically fit as the other boys, he has asthma his greatest talent is singing but his goal is to be a Spartan warrior he is at a large disadvantage and his chance of ever taking the battlefield does not look too good. After Tripods death Dinkies asked Alexandria how he felt about the event. This is a perfect example of how young minds where molded to be so strong. The conversation between them consist of these words: (Did you observe today in the manner of the eeriness (drill instructors) delivering he beating any sign or indication of malice? The boy answered no. Would you characterize their demeanor as barbarous? Did they take pleasure in dealing agony to Tripod? No. Was their intention to crush his will or break his spirit? What was their intention? To harden his mind against pain. (Predefines 40). To harden his mind against pain, this is coming from a boy that is only twelve years old. They also talk about how the flesh does not belong to them, it belongs to the gods, their children, fathers and mothers. This shows how dedicated a Spartan soldier was to their city-state. Dinkies respected Tripod but found him to be stupid he said What he displayed today contained more of recklessness than true courage, Andrei. He cost the city his life, which could have been spent more fruitfully in battle. (Predefines 41). A Spartan life did not belong to him but to Sparta. Due to the help of Dinkies and the Spartan drive that Alexandria had he eventually made it through his Asthma problem and became a Spartan soldier. Spartan soldiers carry up to 80 pounds of armor, the most important is the shield. To show how important the shield was to a Spartan soldier Predefines has an incident here Alexandria has his shield sitting open on the ground, a veteran soldier and Olympian sees this and makes a fool out of Alexandria in front of everyone. Alexandria leaves his shield sitting face down and Polygene sees this and scolds him loudly in front of the whole platoon. Polynesia says, What is this I see in the dirt before me? he roared. It must be a chamber pot, with its bowl peeking up so daintily. (Predefines 79,80). Alexandria says no it is not a chamber pot but Polynesia finds this impossible. Polygene makes Alexandria urinate in his shield. The shield had en patched over and over by his father and grandfather but none of that mattered. He was so dehydrated that there was not much pee entering the shield so Polynesia ordered the other boys to assist him and also pee in Alexandrine shield. Dinkies watch ed from a far but could say nothing, for Polynesia was right in what he was doing. Discipline was a very important to Spartan soldiers. Steven Predefines used some of his personal experiences in the book. There is time where Alexandria shouts This is my shield. I bear it before me into battle, But it is not mine alone. It protects my brother on my left. It protects my city. I will never let my brother out of its shadow Nor my city out of its shelter. I will die with my shield before me Facing the enemy. (Predefines 85). Predefines says in an interview that this part of the book; was a fictional invention based upon my own experience in the US Marine Corps, where Marines recite, This is my rifle. There are many others like, but this one is mine, etc. (Lee). Predefines does a great Job in exemplifying how important the shield was to a Spartan soldier. There where many crazy agonizing training activities, though they seemed ridiculous and UN reasonable it made much sense due to the way Spartan fought in war. When in battle Spartan soldiers form a Phalanx. A Phalanx was a battle formation that consisted of 8 or 16 rows or soldiers. When given the word each soldier would drive there shields into the back of the soldier in front making a wall that could not be broken. Each man protected the man on his left and right, discipline was very important there could be no holes. Young Spartan soldiers had a drill called Tree Bucking. Tree Bucking consisted of forming this Phalanx and pushing a tree until they could make it fall. For hours until the son came up they would push and strain vomiting and shutting themselves, of course the tree would not all. Tree Bucking was a torturing drill but it was great for simulating what would be needed to be done when opposing soldiers that rammed themselves into their shields. The next day with out any sleep they would continue on to other drills. I fully understand why Xeroxes desired so avidly to know about the Spartan warrior. The difference between Persian and Spartan value where very different, you could tell by the way their soldiers fought in battle. The Persian army consisted of slaves and soldiers that where conquered in war. The Spartan army consisted of citizens who believed their lives belonged to Sparta not themselves. Spartan fight for their city- state in which they love. Persians fight for Xeroxes because their only alternative is death, they have no love for him.

Beowulf, Themes and Symbols Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Beowulf, Themes and Symbols - Term Paper Example evil through the battle between Grendel and Beowulf, finally the hero was able to defeat him and establish goodness through which, according to the Christian belief, redemption is possible. The human beings are always under the threat evil forces. They are desirous to the flourished and peaceful lives of human beings. This is what happens in the kingdom of Shield Sheafson. The Heorot built by the king is a symbol of the wealth and harmonious life of the people belong to that country. The beginning of the story is from the threats of Grendel who lives in the nearby swamplands of Hrothgars kingdom. The influence of such satanic forces is to be won over by power and strength. After many years of suffering, Beowulf came to know about the plight of Hrothgar. He sails to Denmark with a company of men to fight against the monster. This action is also to express his gratitude towards the king for a favor his father received earlier. Heroic code of that tome demands strength, courage, and loy alty in warriors. The king is expected to have political skills, hospitality, generosity etc. The king and the hero are struggling to establish their own identity. The common belief that honor is gained though deeds is enforced throughout the story. Beowulf is treated highly by the king before his heroic action. That illustrates the expectation of the king and his disciples. The king waits for the daring moments of victory over the monster. Beowulf succeeds there. But obstacle is coming on the way. As a hero Beowulf has to encounter another devilish creature who is the mother of Grendel. The interference of evil forces is a constant process in human life. As a hero, not only in action but also in thoughts, he never hesitates to do such dangerous events. The transition that takes place in the life of Beowulf is to be taken in. When he returns his own country, he elucidates his heroic deeds to the king. Beowulf then hands over most of his treasure to Hygelac, who, in turn, rewards him . Later he was adorned as the king of place. The warrior and the king have great difference. Thus Beowulf matures from a valiant fighter. He carries a diverse set of values for each of his roles. These dissimilarities can be observed more when we compare Beowulf and King Hrothgar. When the young Beowulf, long for personal credit, the old Hrothgar seeks the protection of his disciples. These are the expectations of the society. The role of a person is defined by the society. Thus Beowulf as a king is highlighted more than Beowulf as a ‘hero’ in this poem. We should think that the Beowulf-poet has fused different moral systems, pagan and Christian morals simultaneously and thus the poem is a vehicle of Christian morals. According to Thomas D Hill the Beowulf- poet is a ‘Germanic humanist’ a precursor to the renaissance humanist who would reconcile their Christian mores with the great pagan minds that had come before them. The violence represents one of the po et’s most immediate challenges to settle his Christian faith and pagan history. The belief in forgiveness and mercy which are traits of Christianity is reciprocated with vengeance and battle in pagan belief. Thus in the two battles –first with Grendel and the second with Grendel’s mother Beowulf tries to protect his people. This theme of Christian virtue provides enough symbolism to convey the Christian moral. When handling with the theme of violence, according to

Community assessment and project planning Essay

Community assessment and project planning - Essay Example The paper explains the health problems and issues that were identified in the community and how the problems can be solved by utilizing the resources available in the community. This community assessment is a review of population health in Philadelphia, highlighting key health concerns as well as resources that can be utilized to combat the health problems that are identified. Conducting a community health assessment is the important activity associated with public health experts. Community health assessment enables both nongovernmental and governmental organization to identify community assets and needs, develop program and policies, allocate resources while at the same time monitor the public health changes in the community. The information was obtained from various health sources in Philadelphia such as the department of public and community health. Philadelphia is considered the fifth largest city in the United States of America. The 2010 population census revealed a population o f around 1,536,006 people. The largest portion of the population is between 15-34 years old. Birth rates have also increased over the past decade. Philadelphia is both ethnically and racially diverse with at least a third of the population identified as non-Hispanic whites.

Biometric Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Biometric Security - Essay Example â€Å"Biometrics is the science and technology of measuring and analyzing biological data. In information technology, biometrics refers to technologies that measure and analyze human body characteristics, such as fingerprints, eye retinas and irises, voice patterns, facial patterns and hand measurements, for authentication purposes.† SearchSecurity.com (2008) These have several applications including time attendance, access control, identification card, security systems, server rooms and data centers. The advantages of this system are: easy to use, removes proxy punching, prevents identity theft, no recurring costs on cards, better returns on investment and instant reporting. (BioEnable 2007) The objective of this paper is to discuss three technological applications on biometrics in the areas of fingerprint scanners, iris recognition system and smart cards. A presentation of each features, mechanics, and practical applications would enable one to discern which biometric techno logy is most beneficial to more members of the society. However, one should bear in mind that there are other factors to consider in selecting a biometric technology. Fingerprint scanners are technological applications in biometrics utilizing fingerprints of a user to be initially enrolled in a data base. The identity of the user would be authenticated by matching a current scan with that previously recorded in the data base. According to WebMediaBrands (2009), â€Å"fingerprint scanning essentially provides an identification of a person based on the acquisition and recognition of those unique patterns and ridges in a fingerprint.† This technology is currently being used in timekeeping, payroll, computer and security systems, among a host of other innovative applications. However, the cost of applying fingerprint scanning is still relatively expensive as compared to the traditional modes of ID badges. Iris recognition system is reported as one of the most accurate of all biometric

Breakdown of the Pestel Analysis

Breakdown of the Pestel Analysis EThames Graduate School (ET) is a modern and dynamic Higher Education institution offering students a complete range of high quality UK recognized qualifications. Our career focused degree programs provide students with the knowledge and skills required to ensure a smooth transition from the classroom to the workplace. Our mission is to develop each students abilities to the full in order to produce outstanding professional and enterprising people for business, industry and professional careers. (Thames, 2011) EThames Graduate School is Europes largest Higher Education institution offering world reputed higher educational qualifications. The EThames Graduate School students come from different countries around the world. The EThames Graduate Schools core business is in its different study areas such as business, finance, computing, health and social care, English and other training programs. 2012 Olympics games are going to be in London and lot of international attractions will comes to the school. Also there will be higher demand for the professional courses which are focusing relative fields focusing the event. Therefore it is necessary to have proper marketing campaign to capture the opportunity. I have discussed the situational analysis, marketing strategy, implications for the ET due to the expecting mega event of the Olympic 2012. Situational Analysis As identified by the marketing audit and summarized in the SWOT analysis within the core market in which ET operates has been significantly affected by the recent rise in competitive pressure. A robust long-term plan must now be created to deliver competitive advantage and reverse the downward sales trend. The events market is reactive, fast paced and heavily influenced by changes in the external business environment; thus a 2-3 year plan is considered a long-term one. The Olympic 2012 event will make lot of influences to the business within few months. 1.1 PESTEL Analysis Political Forecast cuts in public spending Changes in Government attitudes to external meetings Planned rise in VAT to 20% January 2011 Impact of 2012 Olympics London / 2014 Glasgow Commonwealth Games / 2018 World Cup Increased globalization and associated meeting requirements (both physical and virtual). UK is in 24th place in world globalization rankings High unemployment rate (7.8% / 2.47 million) resulting in less training and development Economic Increasing use of external preferred agencies to make bookings, rather than diplomas direct Event budgets forecast to stay at lower levels than pre-recession Luxury / additional spend forecast to stay low Quantity of delegates forecast to stay flat Increasing commercial awareness in buyers (haggling, negotiation, personalized pricing) Increased reluctance not to commit until last minute Forecast cuts in public spending Legal Market segment legislation (e.g. ABPI guidelines) restricting venue. Planned rise in VAT to 20% January 2011 Events industry remains unregulated ET operate in old buildings meaning significant investment is needed to meet changes in accessibility regulations Technical Rise in video conferencing (Webinars) Rise in virtual events2 Increase in user generated content (venue reviews, social networking sites) Reliance on websites / search engines for venue selection, rather than printed directories and magazines Increasing reliance on AV tools thus high impact on event if fails / non-compatible High rate of technological development venues need to be adaptive to these requirements Social Cultural Increasing demand in some sectors (e.g. online learning) to use ethical venues (CSR) Rise in customer service expectations Increasing commercial awareness in buyers (haggling, negotiation) Increase in user generated content (venue reviews, social networking sites) Demand for meetings to become more objective and measurable Increasing demand for venues to demonstrate sustainability / green / ethical credentials (BS8901standard) Increasing diversity in customer tastes and demands (dietary / cultural requirements) Environmental Increasing demand for venues to demonstrate sustainability / green / ethical credentials (BS8901standard) Public sector travel cuts (e.g. Environment Agency) Carbon cost of business travel under scrutiny Rise in demand for locally sourced produce 1.2 Distinctive competencies (DCs) ET currently possesses 5 Distinct Competencies. These are key internal strengths which have no major countering weakness. Stability ET is part of the wider ET providing underlying financial stability. Staff also has access to a wide pool of specialist in-house resources16 giving advantage over independent competitors. Power ET shows a position of strength as highest value added member and thus an ability to meet changing customer demands (e.g. AV / Catering) by negotiating optimum deals with students. Customer Service ET have an outstanding Customer Service record and are currently no 1 educational center in the UK18, placing them at a distinct advantage to combat the rise in competition. Flexibility The 7S and 7P models19 demonstrate ETs flexible approach to product and pricing. Customer facing staff is adaptive and able to meet changing customer requirements with ease. Product ET offer an upper-middle end service based on proven customer service and added value, rather than price alone. 1.3 Critical success factors (CSFs) Analysis of the opportunities and threats within the micro and macro environments show the groups core markets present 5 critical factors for future success. Price There is strong demand for cost effective events with personalized pricing and competitor matching. This is forecast to continue in the mid-long term future. AV Student demands for the latest in reliable conference technology (both physical and virtual) are forecast to grow, as will their reliance on it to deliver their events (virtual speakers / delegates etc). Agencies Agents are a growing selection method of choice for students. Green credentials Customer preference for environmental sustainability is rising, with industry launching to differentiate which venues are compliant. Customer Service students have a continued requirement for reliable, personalized customer service. 1.4 Benefits of marketing planning It is increasingly important in todays rapidly changing business environment that companies plan their marketing effectively. According to Kotler (2002) sound planning helps the company to anticipate and respond quickly to environmental changes, and to prepare better for sudden developments. ET s core markets are fast paced and increasingly competitive, so it is vital they have a clear plan in place to combat the rise in competitive pressure by meeting customer needs and wants more effectively than rivals. 1) To understanding their business environment: Marketing planning allows ET to fully understand their complex business environment both internally and externally. The early identification of key market changes and threats (such as the rise in competitive pressure or demand for environmental credentials) allows ET to adapt its strategy and marketing mix accordingly. Analysis of the external environment ensures ET understand who their customers are, the factors affecting their purchase decisions and are able to anticipate their needs and wants. 2) To set objectives and give direction: ETs objective hierarchy shows the groups marketing objectives stemming from the corporate objectives, which in turn stem from the Board strategic plan. According to Dibb (2007) a marketing objective is a statement of what is to be accomplished through marketing activities the results expected from marketing efforts.ET activities sit outside the core focus of the ET, so efficient marketing planning is essential to ensure relevant objectives are set. 3) To develop a strategy capable of delivering the objectives set: ET will only meet their objectives with a clear strategy; defined by Kotler (2002) as the marketing logic by which the business hopes to achieve its marketing objectives. A planning gap was identified between growth objective and forecast, so a clear market penetration growth strategy was adopted to bridge it. Without this strategy, the venues may lose focus (e.g. diversifying into the rooms by the hour business); the marketing objectives would not be met, leading to the corporate objectives being missed. 4) To select the right groups of customers to communicate with: According to Jobber (2007) market segmentation is the identification of individuals or organizations with similar characteristics that have significant implications for the determination of marketing strategy. By breaking the market down into customer segments of a similar type, ET can gain greater understanding of its customers, meet their needs and wants more effectively and communicate in a way they are more likely to respond to. 5) To develop tactics and a plan of action Finally, marketing planning provides a detailed tactical plan, giving direction to each of the 7Ps of the marketing mix. By setting a detailed, measurable plan encompassing all elements, ET can combine expertise from both marketing and the business into one organizational effort. This effort will ensure staffs are fully trained, resources are deployed in the right areas, the brand is developed and consistent across the estate and the product meets market requirements (such as BS8901 accreditation). Marketing Plan In order to combat the rise in competitive pressure and plug the planning gap, ET needed to develop a strategy for growth by making alterations to either its product-set (Educational options) or student base. As ET only matched some of the markets, a lower-risk Market Penetration strategy was advised, defined by Dibb (2006) as a strategy of increasing sales in current markets with current products. It was clear from the marketing audit that there were areas of the existing market that ET were not engaging with effectively (e.g. event booking agents) and that there was still potential for growth without costly development of a new product, expansion into a new market or complete diversification. ` 2.1 Growth Strategy To ensure the expecting expansion in 2012 ET must develop a clear growth strategy. The Growth Strategy Analysis within shows the full ET product portfolio and the strategies for growth currently adopted across the organisation. In the medium-long term, ET must adopt a clear Market penetration growth strategy. The groups only match against some of the markets from Asian students; this coupled with the current rise in competitive pressure mean that a low risk strategy is advised. If ET already matched all the markets likely requirements, this could be leveraged to develop a new product or expand into a new market to achieve competitive advantage. It is important that as part of the Market Penetration strategy, tweaks are made to the existing product offering to match the outstanding. Eg: Market Penetration Re-targeting to agents / local students and identification of different customer segments with buying potential (High demanded educational courses). Market development Launch of new ET in other all provinces with the same mix (tiered lecture theatre, city centre location, 5* student service etc) Product development Launch of self-study workshops by the hour product as per diploma requirements and customized visiting lecturers. Diversification Launch a management consultancy firm under the ET name. 2.2 Competitive Strategy In order to protect its growth strategy and ensure efforts could not easily be duplicated by competitors, a competitive strategy was identified in which ET could specialize, defined by Kotler (2002) as a strategy that strongly positions the company against competitors and gives the strongest possible strategic advantage. It was not suitable to adopt a cost leadership strategy as per common schools in London whose low event specific overheads allow them to achieve cost leadership and undercut ET on basic price. This approach is not achievable without putting ETs 5* student Service at risk. A competitive strategy of differentiation was not suitable for ET due to the high costs involved and likely high diploma failure rate due to lack of enough students. The group already has costly overheads in ongoing maintenance for its historic buildings, making it unviable to continuously invest in first to market NPD. The chosen competitive strategy to focus on niche groups for whom premium facilities, excellent student service and reliability are important is the right one as it utilizes ET well and has high potential for repeat and referral business; achieving the sales growth needed to fill the planning gap. 2.3 Marketing Mix Elements Service The core product is not unique as the capital has hundreds of diplomas which fulfill the same basic student need, thus classing it as a carbon copy. However there are many elements in the secondary product portfolio which are unique; riverside location and views, tiered lecture theatre for 500 guests and student service credentials are the key ones to be leveraged. In order to satisfy the newly selected target segments, must develop its secondary product to fill the gap. The diploma must change its attitude towards environmental policy and begin an investment program in order to achieve the sustainable teaching standards Price Of the three pricing strategies available (skimming, intermediate and penetration), ET Place currently operates an intermediate pricing strategy. I recommend that this continues in the medium long term. The diploma holds some USPs such as best in class customer service, high lecture theatre capacities and its panoramic. However some features (seminar spaces video-conferencing facilities) are not unique within the London market. It has a medium break-even point40 within a perfectly elastic market and looks to communicate a position of quality and reliability. One of the venues main USPs is the added value services it provides (such as 1st class customer service), which would be jeopardize by a price penetration strategy. Promotions The promotional objectives to the two new customer groups43 will be to inform and differentiate; educating them about the venue, its product and service attributes and key differentiating factors (such as student service excellence). However, as identified in the Product Lifecycle model, ET London is in the maturity stage thus the objectives for the existing groups will be to remind and persuade them to use ET again or reconsider a previous decision not to. Push partner with 3rd party intermediary brokers, industry magazines and websites to generate business (and awareness of) ET London. Pull communicate directly with target customer groups via an integrated marketing campaign to inform, differentiate and drive enquiries straight to the diploma. Profile increase awareness of ET London and the wider ET Diplomas group to both primary and secondary target groups and the broader industry Place In order to reach and retain the chosen target segments, ET London must alter parts of its place (distribution) strategy. Analysis of the external environment48 shows that buyers are increasingly enlisting agents to place their bookings, so the diploma must change from a Direct to Dual core place strategy, allowing clients to place bookings directly or through their nominated agency. Supported by the promotional tactics, staff will target agents specifically with preferred commission rates, tailored pricing and ensure the product of choice when making booking decisions. Few conflicts exist as the majority of students using agents do so as they have no buying alternative due to their company policy. The venues distribution intensity should remain selective in order to build brand loyalty, emphasize the high levels of quality and service and support their new focused competitive strategy. Unlike mass market / cost leadership competitors whose primary objective is to secure a high quantity of small diplomas, ET should look to build trust-based relationships with students to secure their high-value events on an ongoing basis, thus a selective distribution intensity is advised. 2.4 Controls Based upon ETs existing all we can afford budget structure, I recommend a percentage of sales forecast approach is adopted at 3.5%. Although not ideal, it will ensure marketing budget bids in the short-term are realistic and increase proportionately as the long term objectives become realized. In addition to the action plan, a series of targets and budgets run in parallel to the implementation schedule. The targets will motivate and encourage staff to achieve a positive outcome in small, manageable chunks, but also allow ET to monitor progress against objectives and identify risks early on so corrective measures can be taken. The specific budgets set provide a framework for staff to work within on individual activities, ensuring the overall budget is not exceeded and profitability maintained. Finally, this set of smaller budgets allow the ET Marketing Manager to delegate tasks to colleagues, whilst maintaining overall budget control. Main Barriers and how to Implement 3.1 Barriers in Internal Audits Internal Interviews Geographic spread meant some interviews were held by phone or email making it hard to read reactions and ask supplemental questions accordingly. HR was also not willing to be interviewed for purposes of the audit. Confidentiality Access to staff performance records was not granted so mystery shopper recordings and sales staff observations69 were 2 techniques used to determine broad conclusions, alongside the statistics provided by their managers. Accuracy / consistency of information Staff had been recording financial and enquiry data inconsistently (e.g. internal business levels); both year on year and from venue to venue. A system change meant that customer information (beyond sales figures) for 2012 is also unavailable. Staff availability ET Accountant was unavailable which delayed receipt of key financial data by few weeks. Turnover of staff mid-audit was also an issue. 3.2 Lack of financial resources The decline in sales between 2009 and 2010 could see Senior Management withdraw ET Marketing spend, although the fact that the decline has now stalled and a clear strategy is in place to close the planning gap may alleviate this. In addition, the % of sales forecast marketing budget approach will reassure management that the marketing plan is results driven. There are profile activities within the tactical plan which senior management could see as expendable, so it will be important to emphasize the collaborative effect of the integrated marketing mix so that individual elements are not removed. 3.3 Lack of staff The new strategy is heavily relationship driven; effective targeting of the key commercial conference and Agency groups in particular will only deliver results if staff invests time to nurture relationships, build trust and secure repeat business. ET does not have any pro-active sales staff, so the success of the marketing plan is pivotal on securing 1 sales person at each venue. If this is not acceptable to senior management, existing reactive coordination staff must be reprioritized to a proactive sales approach and assigned key accounts to nurture from within the target customer segments. This will involve some retraining, but will be an opportunity for development. An important part of the staffing change will be to incentivize sales staff with commission as per the industry standard; helping to secure buy-in. 3.4 Lack of time Although senior staff has requested a long-term (2-3 year) marketing plan for ET, they may expect to see quick results (3-6 months). Unfortunately this is unlikely to happen as the plan is built around repeat business and relationship building (supporting the focus competitive strategy and product Positioning). Expectations must be managed throughout the organisation that although the marketing objectives will be realized, it is unlikely to be before the target date of 2012. In addition, time must be dedicated to account management by staff, which will be problematic without the added proactive sales function. If management requires results to be shown before the team can be expanded, key accounts must be targeted first by senior venues staff before distributing lower value companies to junior staff. 3.5 Lack of skills There are certain skills gaps which could jeopardize the implementation of the plan if not mitigated promptly. The shift from a reactive to proactive sales function with key account management is a big change and one which will require intensive training and ongoing mentoring for all staff involved. In addition, the ability to leverage power within the supply chain to secure the best deals from external suppliers is a key advantage which the group is not currently utilizing due to lack of staff skills and confidence. A program of training for staff involved in such negotiations will be essential. Finally, the success of the plan is dependent on the group maintaining their 1st class customer service, thus an ongoing staff training program must be established. Ethical Issues for ETs Marketing Marketing planning allows ET to fully understand their complex business environment both internally and externally. The early identification of key market changes and threats (such as the rise in competitive pressure or demand for environmental credentials) allows ET to adapt its strategy and marketing mix accordingly. Analysis of the external environment ensures ET understand who their customers are, the factors affecting their purchase decisions and are able to anticipate their needs and wants. Examination of its internal environment will identify strengths and weaknesses thus ensuring systems and processes are in place to meet those foreseen customer demands effectively. ET has to realize that they are into the educational industry and it is necessary maintain all the best practices of the industry and they responsible to be an advisable organization. An important but costly element of the plan is to close the gap by securing BS8901 environmental accreditation for all branches, so a separate business case should be prepared highlighting the costs involved and direct benefits to the ET beyond the commercial venue business. The marketing plan poses some key changes in approach for ET and looks to de-priorities certain market segments. This may meet resistance from both management and operational staff initially before the new segments begin to deliver results. A phase out rather than immediate approach to the change over a 6-12 month period will alleviate this. In addition, the ET Marketing Manager should run a series of workshops with staff from all over the business to explain the plan in-depth, its rationale, and key outcomes to ensure buy-in. Bibliography / Referencing: 2008. (Clause 19.1). 1 July 2008 Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry Code of Practice for the Pharmaceutical Industry, British Meetings and Events Industry Survey 2010, CAT Publications, October 2010 Dibb, S., Simkin, L., Pride W., Ferrell, O., (2006) Marketing Concepts and Strategies, 5th European edition, South Western Cengage Learning Jobber, D., (2007) Principles and Practice of Marketing, 5th Edition, McGraw Hill Education Kotler, P., Armstrong, G., Saunders, J., Wong, V., (2002) Principles of Marketing, 3rd European Edition, Meetings Incentive Travel, Olympic Opportunities: Going for Gold. September 2010. Meetings Industry Association. Pathfinder Report Spring 2010. Northamptonshire, April 2010 Megicks, P., Donnelly, R., Harrison, G., (2009) The Marketing Planning Process, Elsevier Pearson Education Limited

Surplus :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Due to outstanding economic times we now face a federal budget surplus. This surplus is the first one since the mid sixties. Before now we have been in a federal deficit. Because our good situation we are face with a tough decision; what do we do with the extra money. Some people think we should put the money in government programs others think we should give it back to the people who gave the government the money. Giving the money back to the taxpayers appears to be the most logical thing to do with the surpluses.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The government has a moral obligation to give the money back to the taxpayers. The government does not have anything to spend the money on now. Just because we have the money doesn’t mean we have to spend it. We do not need to search for programs to spend our money on. Therefore we must give back the money while we still have it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tax rates are at an all-time peacetime high. When President Clinton took office, federal Taxes consumed 17.8 cents out of every dollar earned in the United States. Now the federal Government’s take is 20.6 cents out of every dollar. (USA Today) Budget projections indicate that over the next ten years, the federal government will have huge budget surpluses totaling about $3 trillion. If we have a surplus at a high tax rate, why can’t the government take what it needs and lower the tax rate? We need to lower taxes to a rate where the government does not take more than it needs. An example of how these types of practices are unheard of anywhere else is as followed; If I were to go to a bank and ask for a car loan of $10,000 and the car only costs $8,000 the bank would demand that I lower the loan amount to $8,000. Then I might say, â€Å"I can find other things to spend the $2,000 on†. The loan officer would laugh and say, â€Å"I’m sure you could but I can’t give you more that you need.† The people who oppose cutting taxes clearly believe that the money generated by federal taxes actually belongs to the federal government. Many of us who want the government to give the money back to the people believe that the money belongs to the people who paid the taxes and if they are paying more than we need to run the government, we should give it back.

Professional Qualification Syllabus

SECTION NAME SYLLABUS KAPLAN (CHAPTERS) BPP (CHAPTERS) A FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONÂ  The nature and purpose of financial managementFinancial objectives and therelationship with corporate strategyStakeholders and impact oncorporate objectivesFinancial and other objectives in not-for-profit organisationThe financial management functionFinancial management and financial objectivesB FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ENVIROMENTThe economic environment forbusinessThe nature and role of financial markets and institutionsThe nature and role of moneyMarketsThe economic environment for businessFinancial markets and the treasury functionThe economic environment for businessFinancial markets, money markets and institutionsC WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENTThe nature, elements andimportance of working capitalManagement of inventories, accounts receivable, accounts payable and cashDetermining working capital needs and funding strategiesWorking capital management8. WCM (Inventory control)WCM (Accounts receivable and payable)10.WCM (Cash and funding strategies)Workin g capitalManaging working capitalWorking capital financeD INVESTMENT APPRAISALInvestment appraisal techniquesAllowing for inflation and taxation in DCFAdjusting for risk and uncertainty in investment appraisalSpecific investment decisions (Lease or buy; asset replacement; capital rationing)Basic investment appraisal techniquesDiscounted cash flow techniquesFurther aspects of discounted cash flowsInvestment appraisal under uncertaintyAsset investment decisions and capital rationingInvestment decisionsInvestment appraisal using DCF methodsAllowing for inflation and taxation10. Project appraisal and riskSpecific investment decisionsE BUSINESS FINANCESources of and raising business financeEstimating the cost of capitalSources of finance and their relative costsCapital structure theories and practical considerationsFinance for small and medium sized entities (SMEs)Sources of finance16. Dividend policyFinancial ratiosThe cost of capitalCapital structureSources of financeDividend policyGea ring and capital structureThe cost of capitalCapital structure

Permian Mass Extinction essays

Permian Mass Extinction essays A mass extinction about 250 million years ago, which destroyed almost of the species on Earth, happened very quickly and it is demonstrated in the fossil record by the collapse of one-celled organisms called protests. Something suddenly killed off more than 90 %of all species on earth, and that led to the age of the dinosaurs. Evidence indicates the massive die-off was linked with an abrupt drop in productivity, the rate at which inorganic carbon is turned into organic carbon through processes such as photosynthesis. Terrestrial faunal diversification occurred in the Permian and 90-95% of marine species became extinct. Among terrestrial fauna affected included insects, amphibians, reptiles and mammal-like reptiles. The terrestrial flora was predominately composed of gymnosperms, including conifers. Life in the sea consisted of common groups of brachiopods, bony fish, sharks and fuslinid. Corals and trilobites were also present, but were exceedingly rare. During the Permian period all the worlds land masses joined together into a single super continent named Pangaea. The collision between Laurasia and Siberia-Kazakhstania and China finalized and assembled into Pangaea by the end of Permian. This was the first time since the late Protrusion super continent of Rodina that such a landmass had formed. Pangea was shaped sort of like a giant pacman with the mouth on the east. There was a corresponding large single ocean, called Pathalassa. The body of water enclosed by the pacman mouth constituted a smaller area, the Tethys, which covered much of what is now southern and central Europe. Throughout the Permian, Europe was covered by a very salty inland sea, the Zechstein Sea, which advanced and receded at least twice. This was home to an impoverished fauna, mainly brachiopods and bivalves, which were able to cope with the hyper saline conditions. ...

Definition and Examples of Reflected Meaning

Definition and Examples of Reflected Meaning In semantics, reflected meaning is a  phenomenon whereby a single word or phrase is associated with more than one  sense or meaning. It is also known as  coloring and contagion.   The term reflected meaning was coined by linguist Geoffrey Leech, who defined it  as the meaning which arises in cases of multiple conceptual meaning when one sense of a word forms part of our response to another sense. . . . One sense of a word seems to rub off on another sense (Semantics: The Study of Meaning, 1974). When comedians use reflected meaning in their jokes its an example of wordplay. The joke is usually funny because it uses a word that is technically correct for the situation but that will elicit a different often opposite image in the mind of the listener.   Examples and Observations In the case of reflected meaning, more than one meaning surfaces at the same time, so there is a kind of ambiguity. It is as if one or more unintended meanings were inevitably thrown back rather like light or sound reflected on a surface. For instance, if I use the medical expression chronic bronchitis, it is difficult for the more colloquial emotive meaning of chronic, bad, not to intrude as well. . . . Sometimes, such coincidental, unwanted meanings cause us to change a lexical item for another. Thus, if I think that dear in my dear old car may be misinterpreted as meaning expensive, I can substitute lovely and eliminate the potential ambiguity. . . .Reflected meaning may be used deliberately. Newspaper headlines exploit it all the time: DISASTER TANKER ADRIFT IN A SEA OF BAFFLING QUESTIONSTHE ZAMBIAN OIL INDUSTRY: NOT JUST A PIPE DREAM Naturally the success of such word play will depend on the standard of education, linguistic experience or mental agility of the readership. From  Introductory Semantics and Pragmatics for Spanish Learners of English  by Brian Mott Intercourse Perhaps a more everyday example [of reflected meaning] is intercourse, which by reason of its frequent collocation with sexual tends now to be avoided in other contexts. From  Translation, Linguistics, Culture: A French-English Handbook  by Nigel Armstrong    Reflected Meanings of Product Names [S]uggestive [ trademarks] are marks that call to mindor suggestan association related to the product they name. They imply strength or softness or freshness or flavor, depending on the product; they are subtle marks, created by marketers and ad people who are very skilled at making artful associations. Think of TORO lawn mowers, DOWNY fabric softener, IRISH SPRING deodorant soap, and ZESTA saltine crackers. None of these marks is obvious, but we perceive nonetheless the strength of TORO lawn mowers, the softness DOWNY fabric softener imparts to laundry, the fresh scent of IRISH SPRING soap, and the zesty taste of ZESTA saltines. From The Trademark Guide by  Lee Wilson The Lighter Side of Reflected Meaning A [baseball] player with an unfortunate name was pitcher Bob Blewett. He pitched five games for New York during the 1902 season. Blewett lost both of his decisions and gave up 39 hits in only 28 innings. From  Baseballs Most Wanted II  by Floyd Conner

Fallacies Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Fallacies Analysis - Assignment Example This is a type of question that is intended to make the opponent look unavoidably bad and uncomfortable. It can be found in political campaigns aimed at the citizens’ noble feelings: e.g. do you favor voting for a party that will legalize drugs, promote gay marriages and diminishes importance of religious spirituality justifying it with democratic aspirations? In this fallacy, the premises supporting the conclusion imply that the conclusion is true. For example, one can say that the United States is the best country to live in the world because there are no other countries better than the U.S. Drawing conclusions based on the available evidence, we often suppress both available and unavailable evidence that might make the conclusion more consistent. A common instance is insisting that America is an inherently Christian nation relying on the fact that ‘in God, we trust’ is inscribed in money. However, this conclusion is inconsistent due to a suppressed evidence: this inscription was added in the middle of the 20th century because of the fear of communism. Lack of proportion is over- or underestimation of actions, arguments, and outcomes used to convince people. An instance of this fallacy can be seen in downplaying important arguments for the sake of less significant ones. For example, a mother can be worried about the risk her child faces at school, i.e. risk of a mass school shooting; but she ignores the significance of the risk the child faces going to the school by bus daily.

Auditing&Assurance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Auditing&Assurance - Assignment Example Auditors go evaluate reports to ensure that they are accurately presented 1. The work of auditing should be conducted by independent professionals who demonstrate a high level of integrity. They should be honest, unbiased and sincere while discharging their duties. Most organizations experience cases of fraud, mismanagement of resources, and corruption among other vices. The vices are very costly to the organization and sometimes may be the beginning of the downfall of an organization. Most organizations lose their resources through fraudulent activities that are carried out by employees and sometimes senior managers. It is not easy to establish the fraudulent activities since it is performed by skilled individuals such as accountants. The cases might go easily unnoticed if a prima-facie approach is used to verify transactions. In order to unearth anomalies and discrepancies, a proper and independent investigation must be initiated. Auditors are the only professional that can be able to launch a thorough investigation that can assist the management discover fraudulent transactions and other illegal activities2. Auditing entails a number of activities. It analyses the books of account of an organization critically. Groups carry out numerous transactions that are recorded in the books of account. Conversely, fraudulent activities may take place during the recording stage. Accountants may alter the figure so that they can embezzle funds. The role of auditors is to look into the books to ensure no suspicious transactions have been recorded. In addition, they confirm the arithmetic accuracy of the documents that have been provided. Secondly, they are mandated with the responsibility of verifying the assets and liabilities of an organization. In the case of the body, the auditors had to undertake quarterly inventory counts. Furthermore, they detect and prevent errors and fraud from occurring. Finally, they report to the management n matters relating to

How Aircraft and Aircraft Carriers helped the U.S in WWII Research Paper

How Aircraft and Aircraft Carriers helped the U.S in WWII - Research Paper Example Air power facilitated the surveillance of the U.S land. The use of aircraft in the World War II was part of a national grand strategy. Higham observes that the use of aircraft in the war during the 20th century consisted of strategic planning by the government and tactical operations, which follows the, principles of war and commerce (2002, 1). In this paper, we focus the discussion on how aircraft and the aircraft carriers were of help to the U.S army during the World War II. Air power consists of the air forces, airlines, aircraft and the ancillary industry. For the operation of this industry, it requires management that entails command control communications and intelligence. All this things were a vital part for any U.S air force soldier to be familiar with before taking command of any U.S air force airline. During World War II, Higham points out that the air power was still a not an area familiar to the American army. However, over the years the airpower became a force to reckon with, the air force was vital to the ground power in the World War II. ... At the pacific, see the land, based air forces and the carrier task forces were in use. The U.S utilized the air force to patrol the sea-lanes in the north Atlantic; photoreconnaissance was also a part of the role done by the air force in the wars. The British and Americans used the air power for guerrilla warfare. In his book, the rise of American Air power, Sherry examines the American bombing strategy of specific interest is the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombing. The author approaches this from the cultural point of history. Sherry points out that the U.S utilized the dropping of the atom bombs as a defence and due to its terror potential. Culturally speaking the use of air power was not because of the technological advancement of the weapons used in war but it was a continuation of the fantasy of scientific warfare and the evolving of political social and military views (1987,239). With the technological advancement in the air power, the dropping of the atom bombs was an easy way fo r the U.S to block the enemy’s ability to wage war. The Japanese according to sherry’s observation gave in to an unconditional surrender. Sherry does point out that in the use of aircraft; the aerial bombing was a chaotic and haphazard affair that yielded unintended consequences that included massive civilian casualties. This to sherry was a failure because it did not in any way address the necessity to defeat the main body of the enemy military forces (1987, 145). Sherry observed that the use of aircraft as an offensive strategy in the warfare did achieve its target because it did fuel for revenge between combatants. This was because of the inhumane pain inflicted upon the civilian population. The whole idea of developing technology related to aircraft warfare

Actual families Essay Example for Free

Actual families Essay The views of actual families and perceived families on inner city family values are different in the sense that reality hits actual families. Our minds can perceive what should be done but if we check reality, poverty is a serious problem that should be dealt with fervor. Teaching family values is the foundation of all solutions to these problems. Why is that so? If children learn family values at home and the parents show them good example in practicing these values, children will most likely emulate the parents (Learning Family, 1999, p. 1). Then there will be no existence of violent crimes since people practice compassion. There will be no extreme poverty since people practice being industrious. All these could be perceived in the mind but can be transformed into reality. Finally, it is not true that inner societies should believe that poverty is part and parcel of the society they belong. Poverty can be eradicated by all means if cooperation of the people concerned can be given. However, there are people who become poor because of the things that they do not have control of. And other people experience poverty because they are too indolent to work hard. The former cause of poverty deserves to be treated as recoverable and can be solved. See more: Beowulf essay essay And there is nothing we can do for people who become poor due to idleness and slothfulness. Thus, family values of industry and integrity must be upheld in both actual and perceived families on inner cities. References Ashman, K. Hull, G. 1999. Understanding Generalist Practice. USA: Nelson-Hall, Inc. International Herald Tribune. 2008. Global Food Shortage; America’s light still shines; moving too fast. Retrieved September 30, 2008, from http://www. iht. com /articles/2008/03/13/opinion/edlet. php. Learning Family. 1999. Learning Family Values. Retrieved September 30, 2008, from http://www. learningfamily. net/about/values. htm. News 24 Website. 2008 August 25. Poverty, parenting cause crime. Retrieved October 1, 2008, from http://www. news24. com/News24/South_Africa/News/0,,2-7-1442_2382088,00. html. Overpopulation Website. 2008 September 7. Impacts. Retrieved September 30, 2008, from http://www. overpopulation. org/impact. html. Vogel, S. 2008 August 24. Gazette Extra. Does Poverty Equal Crime? Scholars disagree. Retrieved October 1, 2008, from http://gazettextra. com/news/2008/aug/24/does-poverty-crime-scholars-disagree/. Wattenberg, M. , Edwards III, G. Lineberry, R. 2003. Government of America. USA: Addison- Wesley Educational Publishers, Inc.

Volcanic Eruptions in Iceland

Volcanic Eruptions in Iceland Take-home Test Describe the three different types of volcanic eruptions that have given rise to Iceland’s volcanic landforms. Effusive: An effusive eruption is a volcanic eruption characterized by the flow of lava onto the ground. Lava flows generated by effusive eruptions vary in shape, thickness, length, and width depending on the type of lava that erupted, the type of discharge, the slope of the ground over which the lava travels, and the duration of the volcanic eruption. Explosive: This is a violent, explosive type of eruption. This is a result of when sufficient gas has dissolved under pressure within a viscous magma, such that the discharged lava violently bubbles up into volcanic ash as pressure is suddenly lowered at the vent. Explosive eruptions can send rocks, dust, gas and lava fragments into the atmosphere. A cloud is then created which then collapses, creating a flow of hot volcanic matter (gas + rocks). Mixed: This eruption is a mixture of both lava and tephra (fragmental material produced by a volcanic eruption). Describe the characteristics of a Tuya. How does this acquire its distinctive shape? A Tuyais a flat-topped, steep-sided  volcano  formed when  lava  erupts through a thick  glacier  or  ice sheet. Such volcanic formations are restricted to regions which were covered by  glaciers  and had volcanic activity during the same period. Their formation is due to lava that erupts under a glacier and cools very quickly. It cannot travel far, so it piles up into a steep-sided hill. Define the term jà ¶kulhlaup and explain its significance to Iceland. Jà ¶kulhlaups in Iceland may originate from marginal or subglacial sources of water melted by atmospheric processes, permanent geothermal heat or volcanic eruptions. Glacier-volcano interactions produce meltwater that either drains toward the glacier margin or accumulates in subglacial lakes. Iceland is a unique and valuable study-site for glacio-volcanic interactions. The jà ¶kulhlaups can be seen as modern analogues of past mega floods on the earth and their exploration may improve understanding of ice-volcano processes on other planets. Jo ¨kulhlaups, both those draining meltwater stored in subglacial lakes and meltwater produced during a volcanic eruption, have significant landscaping potential: they erode large canyons and transport enormous quantities of sediment and icebergs over vast outwash plains. What are the origins of Icelandic river waters? Describe the relevant main characteristics. Icelandic rivers are of three general types: The glacial-fed rivers which carry large quantities of fine silt and are typically brown in colour. Their runoff, being conditioned by ice melt, is high in the summer and low in the winter. Glacial rivers are close to freezing at source but warm up considerably in lowland areas. They typically divide into many interlinked distributaries which constantly change direction. The direct runoff rivers; are relatively clear. They are characteristic of old basaltic areas where the bedrock is impermeable. They have their greatest flows in the spring during snowmelt and in autumn following heavy rains. Water temperature in these streams generally follows the air temperature. The spring-fed stream drains areas covered by permeable post-glacial lava fields. In these zones the ground is more porous; therefore water emerges in springs at lower levels to supply the rivers with a constant flow of generally clear water. These spring-fed rivers have a water temperature of 3–5 °C at source and never freeze over at that point. Their beds and banks are usually stable. Explain the following terms: Tephrochronology: A geo-chronological technique that uses discrete layers of tephravolcanic ash from a single eruption to create a chronological framework in which archaeological records can be placed. Cryptotephra: Very few studies have looked in detail at the sedimentation and distribution of cryptotephra deposits within sequences and, more importantly, the criteria for defining the correct stratigraphic position of the volcanic event. Cryptotephra is a tephra-derived glass shard which is not that visible to the naked human eye since they are less than 125micrometers. Isopachs: Lines on a map or diagrams which connect points beneath which a particular stratum or group of strata has the same thickness. One measure used to tackle the problem of soil erosion is re-seeding with appropriate floral species. What characteristics of a plant would make it suitable for such a purpose? Soil stabilizing plants range in size, root type (ideally long), degree of ground cover (fast growth) and visual appeal, and selecting a variety of plants is essential for combating the impact of wind and water erosion. Low plants provide ground cover from wind, while higher trees slow down the force of rain before it hits the ground or more delicate ground cover plants. Once plants are established, their life cycles help return nutrients to the soil to encourage future plant growth (important to have an easy seed dispersal process as well) and maintain adequate moisture levels to avoid soil drying or oversaturation. Describe one method that could be used to measure the profile of a beach. Select sampling points for beach profiles across the width of the beach. At each sample point in turn, place a pole at the start and finish. The first point should ideally be the low tide mark, or as close to it. The next step is to note the main changes in slope angle up the beach, each change is to inform the ‘sections for the profile. For each change in slope, use a clinometer to take a bearing to record the slope angle (It is important to ensure that the bearing is taken from a point on the pole that corresponds with the eye level of the person using the clinometer). Measure the distance along the ground of the section, and record this information alongside the slope angle. Repeat processes for each break in slope that you have identified. Explain the following: Lateral moraines: Parallel ridges of debris deposited along the sides of a glacier. The unconsolidated debris can be deposited on top of the glacier by frost shattering of the valley walls or tributary streams flowing into the valley. Because lateral moraines are deposited on top of the glacier, they do not experience the postglacial erosion of the valley floor and therefore, as the glacier melts, lateral moraines are usually preserved as high ridges. Lateral moraines stand high because they protect the ice under them from the elements, causing it to melt or sublime less than the uncovered parts of the glacier. Multiple lateral moraines may develop as the glacier advances and retreats. Kettle Lake: Kettles are depressions left behind after partially-buried ice blocks melt. Kettle Lake describes the way the lake basin was formed. While glaciers were forming, a block of ice broke of, and found a uniform position. As the glacier continued to melt, the debris from the glacier (soil, rocks, stones, gravel, etc.) filled in around the block of ice. When the block of ice finally melted, all the debris surrounding it fell into the hole, creating the kettle type basin, which when filled with water, became a lake as we know it. Outwash plain: is a flat region formed of glacial sediments deposited by melt water outwash at the terminus of a glacier. Explain the presence of wave-cut platforms in areas of Iceland presently distant from the coast. A wave-cut platform is the narrow flat area often found at the base of a sea cliff or along the shoreline of a lake, bay, or sea that was created by the erosion of waves. Wave-cut platforms are often most obvious at low tide when they become visible as huge areas of flat rock. In Iceland, some cases, the rock is relatively easy to erode. Sea-level changes have left a stamp on the coast, and wave-cut platforms can be seen in many around Iceland. Distinguish between mafic and felsic lava: These words are used to indicate the chemical composition of silicate minerals, magmas, and igneous rocks. Mafic is used for silicate minerals, magmas, and rocks which are relatively high in the heavier elements. The minerals are usually dark in color and have relatively high specific gravities and also represent material which is newly differentiated from the upper mantle. Felsic is used for silicate minerals, magmas, and rocks which have a lower percentage of the heavier elements, and are correspondingly enriched in the lighter elements, such as silicon and oxygen. Felsic minerals are usually light in color and have specific gravities. The most common felsic rock is granite, which represents the purified end product of the earths internal differentiation process. What is the nominal fix accuracy of a GPS? Why can a DGPS improve this nominal accuracy? The nominal fix accuracy of a GPS is of 100 meters with a selective availability enabled on the system. The GPS has a number of small errors (e.g signal delay), so a DGPS can be used to improve nominal accuracy since it transmits messages from local stations that are connected to satellites, producing better and accurate data readings. In cartographic terms, explain why the datum used by a GPS navigation set must be the same as for the reference chart being used. A datum is a set of reference points on the Earths surface against which their position can be associated with a model of the shape of the Earth to define a geodetic coordinate system. Horizontal datum is used to describe a point in latitude and longitude. A vertical datum measures elevations or depths. Because the Earth is an imperfect ellipsoid, all localized datums can give a more accurate representation of the area which is being covered than the latest version of the World Geodetic System datum (84). Marie Claire Attard Bason